{"id":2590,"date":"2018-01-22T10:05:25","date_gmt":"2018-01-22T12:05:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/?p=2590"},"modified":"2021-04-20T12:24:07","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T15:24:07","slug":"metodos-para-reduzir-o-numero-de-organismos-sobre-as-conchas-de-ostras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/metodos-para-reduzir-o-numero-de-organismos-sobre-as-conchas-de-ostras\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00e9todos para reduzir o n\u00famero de organismos sobre as conchas de ostras"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Aline Horodesky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Ostras s\u00e3o usualmente cultivadas em ambientes estuarinos, regi\u00f5es com alta concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de nutriente e grande quantidade de material particulado em suspens\u00e3o, decorrentes da produ\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria, da lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o continental ou de fontes antr\u00f3picas [<a href=\"#_ENREF_1\">1<\/a>] (Figura 1).<\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-2592 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"427\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-440x330.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline1-22-01-2018-627x470.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 427px) 100vw, 427px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 1. Ambiente de cultivo de ostras em mesas.<\/p>\n<p>Em um sistema de cultivo, as estruturas utilizadas (telas, cordas e flutuadores, lanternas japonesas) (Figura 2), al\u00e9m da grande quantidade de ostras confinadas em um espa\u00e7o relativamente pequeno, criam condi\u00e7\u00f5es ideais para que outros organismos se estabele\u00e7am sobre as estruturas e sobre os animais [<a href=\"#_ENREF_2\">2<\/a>]. Esses organismos s\u00e3o conhecidos como epibiontes ou <em>biofouling<\/em> [<a href=\"#_ENREF_3\">3<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2593 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"419\" height=\"314\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-440x330.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline2-22-01-2018-627x470.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 419px) 100vw, 419px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 2. Estruturas de cultivo (lanternas) de ostras em sistema <em>long-line<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Os epibiontes s\u00e3o competidores das ostras cultivadas, podendo causar-lhes danos por concorrerem por alimento, espa\u00e7o, oxig\u00eanio e, at\u00e9 mesmo, provocarem doen\u00e7as [<a href=\"#_ENREF_5\">5-7<\/a>]. Al\u00e9m disso, o excesso de epibiontes, provocado pelo manejo inadequado dos sistemas de cultivo pode afetar negativamente as taxas de crescimento, o rendimento em carne e as taxas de sobreviv\u00eancia [<a href=\"#_ENREF_8\">8<\/a>], podendo ainda comprometer a apar\u00eancia visual do produto comercializado com concha [<a href=\"#_ENREF_9\">9<\/a>]. Ao se fixarem sobre as estruturas de cultivo, os epibiontes podem ainda aumentar o peso dessas estruturas, comprometer a sua resist\u00eancia e durabilidade, danificar o material, dificultar o manejo e a despesca [<a href=\"#_ENREF_10\">10<\/a>]. Todas essas consequ\u00eancias podem implicar, por sua vez, no comprometimento da viabilidade econ\u00f4mica do empreendimento [<a href=\"#_ENREF_11\">11<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2594 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"407\" height=\"305\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-440x330.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline3-22-01-2018-627x470.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 407px) 100vw, 407px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 3. Ostras sem manejo de limpeza.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2595 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"404\" height=\"303\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-440x330.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline4-22-01-2018-627x470.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 404px) 100vw, 404px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 4. Fixa\u00e7\u00e3o de epibiontes sobre a concha da ostra.<\/p>\n<p>Para reduzir a quantidade de epibiontes presentes sobre as estruturas e principalmente sobre as pr\u00f3prias ostras, elas devem ser submetidas \u00e0 limpeza peri\u00f3dica.<\/p>\n<p>Os m\u00e9todos e t\u00e9cnicas de limpeza de ostras durante os cultivos, por sua vez, precisam ser o mais simples, r\u00e1pido, eficiente, seguro (tanto para o operador, quanto para as ostras ou para o ambiente) e n\u00e3o-residuais poss\u00edvel. Atualmente, tr\u00eas m\u00e9todos principais de manejo s\u00e3o aplicados na tentativa de redu\u00e7\u00e3o da quantidade de organismos epibiontes em ostras: controle mec\u00e2nico\/f\u00edsico (m\u00e9todo de retirada manual, hidrojateamento, exposi\u00e7\u00e3o ao ar, exposi\u00e7\u00e3o a temperaturas elevadas) [<a href=\"#_ENREF_12\">12<\/a>], controle qu\u00edmico (com a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o a \u00e1gua doce, hipersalina, hipoclorito de s\u00f3dio, am\u00f4nia quatern\u00e1ria, \u00e1cido ac\u00e9tico, cal hidratada e hidr\u00f3xido de s\u00f3dio) [<a href=\"#_ENREF_13\">13<\/a>, <a href=\"#_ENREF_14\">14<\/a>] e controle biol\u00f3gico (inser\u00e7\u00e3o de predadores de epibiontes dentro das estruturas de cultivo) [<a href=\"#_ENREF_15\">15<\/a>] (Figura 5 e 6).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-2596 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"415\" height=\"311\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-440x330.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline5-22-01-2018-627x470.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 415px) 100vw, 415px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 5. M\u00e9todo de limpeza para redu\u00e7\u00e3o de epibiontes sobre as conchas de ostras (hidrojateamento).<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-2591 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"412\" height=\"309\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-750x563.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-1140x855.jpg 1140w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-440x330.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/01\/Aline6-22-01-2018-627x470.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 412px) 100vw, 412px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Figura 6. M\u00e9todo de limpeza para redu\u00e7\u00e3o de epibiontes sobre as conchas de ostras (controle qu\u00edmico).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Refer\u00eancias consultadas<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Walsh, J., <em>Importance of continental margins in the marine biogeochemical cycling of carbon and nitrogen.<\/em> Nature, 1991. <strong>350<\/strong>: p. 53-55.<\/li>\n<li>Adams, C.M., et al., <em>Biofouling in marine molluscan shellfish aquaculture: A survey assessing the business and economic implications of mitigation.<\/em> Journal of the world aquaculture society, 2011. <strong>42<\/strong>(2): p. 242-252.<\/li>\n<li>Marshall, R.D. and A. Dunham, <em>Effects of culture media and stocking density on biofouling, shell shape, growth, and survival of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and the Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum) in suspended culture.<\/em> Aquaculture, 2013. <strong>406<\/strong>: p. 68-78.<\/li>\n<li>Arakawa, K.Y., <em>Competitors and fouling organisms in the hanging culture of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg).<\/em> Marine Behaviour and Physiology, 1990. <strong>17<\/strong>: p. 67-94.<\/li>\n<li>Mohammad, M.B.M., <em>Relationship between biofouling and growth of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) in Kuwait, Arabian Gulf.<\/em> Hydrobiologia, 1976. <strong>51<\/strong>(2): p. 129-138.<\/li>\n<li>Taylor, J.J.S., P. C.; Rose, R. A., <em>Fouling animals and their effect on the growth of silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in suspended culture.<\/em> Aquaculture, 1997. <strong>153<\/strong>: p. 31-40.<\/li>\n<li>Guenther, J.S., P. C.; Nys, R., <em>The effect of age and shell size on accumulation of fouling organisms on the Akoya pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould).<\/em> Aquaculture, 2006. <strong>252<\/strong>: p. 366-373.<\/li>\n<li>Pauley, G.B.V.D.R., B.; Troutt, D., <em>Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirementsof costal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest) &#8211; Pacific Oyster.<\/em> Fish and Wildlife Service Biology, 1988: p. 28.<\/li>\n<li>Doroudi, M.S., <em>Infestation of pearl oysters by boring and fouling organisms in northern Persian Gulf.<\/em> Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 1996. <strong>25<\/strong>: p. 168-169.<\/li>\n<li>Fitridge, I., et al., <em>The impact and control of biofouling in marine aquaculture: a review.<\/em> Biofouling, 2012. <strong>28<\/strong>(7): p. 649-669.<\/li>\n<li>Pit, J.H. and P.C. Southgate, <em>Fouling and predation, how do they affect growth and survival of the blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera, during nursery culture?<\/em> Aquaculture International, 2003. <strong>11<\/strong>: p. 545-555.<\/li>\n<li>Cheney, D.P., <em>Bivalve shellfish quality in the USA: from the hatchery to the consumer.<\/em> Journal of the world aquaculture society, 2010. <strong>41<\/strong>(2): p. 192-206.<\/li>\n<li>Rolheiser, K.C., et al., <em>Assessment of chemical treatments for controlling Didemnum vexillum, other biofouling, and predatory sea stars in Pacific oyster aquaculture.<\/em> Aquaculture, 2012. <strong>364-365<\/strong>: p. 53-60.<\/li>\n<li>Piola, R.F., R.A. Dunmore, and B.M. Forrest, <em>Assessing the efficacy of spray delivered \u2018ecofriendly\u2019 chemicals for the control and eradication of marine fouling pests.<\/em> Biofouling, 2010. <strong>26<\/strong>: p. 187-203.<\/li>\n<li>McEnnulty, F.R., et al., <em>A literature review of rapid response options for the control of ABWMAC listed species and related taxa in Australia.<\/em> CSIRO Marine Research, 2001: p. 13-56.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Aline Horodesky &nbsp; Ostras s\u00e3o usualmente cultivadas em ambientes estuarinos, regi\u00f5es com alta concentra\u00e7\u00e3o de nutriente e grande quantidade de material particulado em suspens\u00e3o, decorrentes da produ\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria, da lixivia\u00e7\u00e3o continental ou de fontes antr\u00f3picas [1] (Figura 1). Figura 1. Ambiente de cultivo de ostras em mesas. Em um sistema de cultivo, as estruturas utilizadas [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":2599,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[258,1],"tags":[126,128,129,127],"class_list":["post-2590","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divulgacao-cientifica","category-noticias","tag-aline-horodesky","tag-cultivo-de-ostras","tag-epibiontes","tag-ostras"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2590","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2590"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2590\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2599"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2590"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2590"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2590"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}