{"id":1554,"date":"2016-08-08T13:27:24","date_gmt":"2016-08-08T16:27:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/tecnicas-de-castigo-para-reducao-de-organismos-epibiontes-fouling-em-cultivos-de-ostras\/"},"modified":"2021-04-20T12:24:08","modified_gmt":"2021-04-20T15:24:08","slug":"tecnicas-de-castigo-para-reducao-de-organismos-epibiontes-fouling-em-cultivos-de-ostras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/tecnicas-de-castigo-para-reducao-de-organismos-epibiontes-fouling-em-cultivos-de-ostras\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00e9cnicas de castigo para redu\u00e7\u00e3o de organismos epibiontes (fouling) em cultivos de ostras"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Por: Aline Horodesk<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>08 de agosto de 2016<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span><span>O termo <em>fouling<\/em> \u00e9 utilizado para caracterizar incrusta\u00e7\u00f5es de origem biol\u00f3gica em uma superf\u00edcie. Para a ostreicultura, entende-se por <em>fouling<\/em> toda forma de vida que vive associada \u00e0s estruturas de cultivo (redes, cordas e flutuadores) (Fig 1 e 2) e tamb\u00e9m junto aos animais cultivados <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_16\" title=\"Rocha, 2005 #2\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: black; text-decoration: none;\">Rocha 2005<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_2\" title=\"Alves, 2010 #1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: black; text-decoration: none;\">Alves 2010<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.&nbsp;<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1546\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1.JPG\" alt=\"fig1\" width=\"743\" height=\"507\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1.JPG 942w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1-750x511.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1-768x523.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1-440x300.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig1-627x427.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 743px) 100vw, 743px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span>Fig.1: Epibiontes fixados nas estruturas de cultivo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<span style=\"text-align: justify; font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span><span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_3\" title=\"Arakawa, 1990 #3\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: black; text-decoration: none;\">Arakawa (1990)<\/span><\/a><span> considera os organismos do <em>fouling<\/em> como competidores, causando danos aos animais do cultivo por competir por alimento, espa\u00e7o, e at\u00e9 mesmo podendo provocar doen\u00e7as <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_11\" title=\"Mohammad, 1976 #4\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: black; text-decoration: none;\">Mohammad 1976<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_21\" title=\"Taylor, 1997 #5\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: black; text-decoration: none;\">Taylor 1997<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_7\" title=\"Guenther, 2006 #6\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: black; text-decoration: none;\">Guenther 2006<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>. Al\u00e9m<\/span><span> de causar o entupimento das malhas ou diminui\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo de \u00e1gua dentro das lanternas de cultivo, fato que tamb\u00e9m interfere na disponibilidade de alimento <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_2\" title=\"Alves, 2010 #1\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Alves 2010<\/span><\/a><\/span><span>)<\/span><span> (Fig 2).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1547\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3.JPG\" alt=\"fig3\" width=\"737\" height=\"525\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3.JPG 911w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-120x86.jpg 120w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-350x250.jpg 350w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-750x534.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-300x214.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-768x547.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-440x313.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig3-627x447.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 737px) 100vw, 737px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.2: Entupimento da malha da estrutura de cultivo com epibiontes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Os epibiontes variam de acordo com as condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais do local (temperatura, correntes mar\u00edtimas, mat\u00e9ria org\u00e2nica, entre outros) e do tipo de cultivo utilizado <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_20\" title=\"Southgate, 1997 #7\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Southgate 1997<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.<\/span><span>Essa comunidade que se forma associada ao cultivo, apresenta necessidades biol\u00f3gicas bastante similares aos pr\u00f3prios bivalves cultivados, pois na grande maioria s\u00e3o animais filtradores que se beneficiam das \u00e1guas costeiras adequadas aos cultivos <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_16\" title=\"Rocha, 2005 #2\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Rocha 2005<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.&nbsp;<\/span><span>Durante o processo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o as ostras devem ser submetidas \u00e0 limpeza periodicamente para que os organismos epibiontes sejam removidos. Tal procedimento pode potencializar o metabolismo das ostras, e consequentemente, o desenvolvimento das mesmas, fazendo com que a produtividade do cultivo seja economicamente vi\u00e1vel, e que o produto apresente um bom aspecto no momento da sua comercializa\u00e7\u00e3o <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_15\" title=\"Pinto, 2007 #8\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Pinto 2007<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>&nbsp;<\/span><span><span>A insufici\u00eancia de manejo em cultivos de bivalves pode ocasionar um efeito negativo significativo nas taxas de crescimento e elevar as taxas de mortalidade <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_12\" title=\"Pauley, 1988 #9\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Pauley 1988<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.&nbsp;<\/span><span>Os tipos de epibiontes e sua abund\u00e2ncia relativa variam conforme a esta\u00e7\u00e3o do ano e o local em que os cultivos est\u00e3o instalados <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_6\" title=\"Gervis, 1992 #10\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Gervis 1992<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.&nbsp;<\/span><span>Entre os epibiontes mais comumente encontrados em moluscos bivalves e estruturas de cultivo, podem ser citados <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_18\" title=\"Sabry, 2005 #21\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Sabry 2005<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_1\" title=\"Alvarenga, 2006 #23\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Alvarenga 2006<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_8\" title=\"Henriques, 2006 #18\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Henriques 2006<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_17\" title=\"Royer, 2006 #22\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Royer 2006<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_5\" title=\"Cardoso, 2007 #19\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Cardoso 2007<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Algas verdes;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Algas vermelhas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Crust\u00e1ceos;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Esponjas;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Asc\u00eddias;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Briozo\u00e1rios (musgos marinhos);<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Moluscos (mariscos, caramujos, carac\u00f3is);<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">Helmintos (poliquetas perfurantes, poliquetas errantes, poliquetas tub\u00edcolas);<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1548\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5.JPG\" alt=\"fig5\" width=\"738\" height=\"505\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5.JPG 789w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5-750x513.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5-768x526.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5-440x301.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig5-627x429.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 738px) 100vw, 738px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.3: Algas verdes presentes no cultivo de ostras.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1549\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6.JPG\" alt=\"fig6\" width=\"740\" height=\"511\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6.JPG 911w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6-750x518.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6-300x207.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6-768x530.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6-440x304.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig6-627x433.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 740px) 100vw, 740px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.4: Algas vermelhas fixadas na estrutura de cultivo.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1550\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8.JPG\" alt=\"fig8\" width=\"742\" height=\"419\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8.JPG 985w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8-750x423.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8-768x434.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8-440x248.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig8-627x354.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 742px) 100vw, 742px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.5: Musgos marinhos fixados nas conchas de ostra.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1551\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9.JPG\" alt=\"fig9\" width=\"739\" height=\"400\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9.JPG 1065w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9-750x406.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9-768x415.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9-1024x554.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9-440x238.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig9-627x339.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 739px) 100vw, 739px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.6: Mexilh\u00f5es fixados nas conchas de ostras.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1552\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig10.JPG\" alt=\"fig10\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" width=\"596\" height=\"441\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig10.JPG 596w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig10-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig10-440x326.jpg 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 596px) 100vw, 596px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.7: Poliquetas perfurantes encontrados nas conchas de ostras.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span><span>No Brasil, as formas de controle f\u00edsico mais utilizadas por ostreicultores s\u00e3o a retirada manual dos epibiontes, jateamento de \u00e1gua com m\u00e1quinas de alta press\u00e3o e aplica\u00e7\u00e3o da t\u00e9cnica de castigo quinzenalmente, que consiste na exposi\u00e7\u00e3o das estruturas de cultivo e dos animais \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00f5es in\u00f3spitas, como por exemplo, \u00e1gua doce, \u00e1gua com salinidades altas, \u00e1gua com temperatura elevada, sol, ar e hipoclorito de s\u00f3dio. Em alguns casos, podem ser usados processos mais t\u00e9cnicos como o uso de rolos mec\u00e2nicos <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_9\" title=\"Manzoni, 2001 #11\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Manzoni 2001<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.&nbsp;<\/span><span>As t\u00e9cnicas de limpeza manual e hidrojateamento (Fig. 8) consistem na limpeza das estruturas e das ostras para remover o sedimento marinho, algas, incrusta\u00e7\u00f5es, ostras mortas, assim como, parasitas. As ostras s\u00e3o limpas, e ap\u00f3s todo processo, s\u00e3o novamente redistribu\u00eddas nas lanternas limpas para retornar a \u00e1gua <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Petrielli, 2008 #12\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Petrielli 2008<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span>Dentre as t\u00e9cnicas de castigo, a exposi\u00e7\u00e3o dos animais ao sol e ar \u00e9 a mais utilizada pelos ostreicultores. Nesse m\u00e9todo, as estruturas de cultivo s\u00e3o retiradas da \u00e1gua e as ostras s\u00e3o expostas ao sol\/ar por um per\u00edodo que pode variar de 4 a 24 horas. Ap\u00f3s esse tempo, os epibiontes s\u00e3o facilmente retirados e as ostras n\u00e3o s\u00e3o danificadas (<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_9\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Manzoni, 2001 #11\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Manzoni 2001<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_19\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Santana, 2005 #13\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Santana 2005<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_13\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Pereira, 2006 #16\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Pereira 2006<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_14\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Petrielli, 2008 #12\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Petrielli 2008<\/span><\/a>, <a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_10\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Miotto, 2012 #14\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Miotto 2012<\/span><\/a>).&nbsp;Esse castigo tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 utilizado para facilitar a retirada de incrusta\u00e7\u00f5es das lanternas j\u00e1 vazias, antes de serem novamente utilizadas para o cultivo. De acordo com (<a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_19\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Santana, 2005 #13\"><span style=\"color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Santana 2005<\/span><\/a>), embora eficaz, este m\u00e9todo n\u00e3o \u00e9 eficiente para cultivos de larga escala, devido ao elevado tempo total necess\u00e1rio para se manejar todas as lanternas.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" size-full wp-image-1553\" src=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12.JPG\" alt=\"fig12\" width=\"723\" height=\"533\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\" srcset=\"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12.JPG 882w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12-750x553.jpg 750w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12-300x221.jpg 300w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12-768x566.jpg 768w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12-440x324.jpg 440w, https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/08\/fig12-627x462.jpg 627w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 723px) 100vw, 723px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Fig.8: T\u00e9cnica de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o das ostras ao ar.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span>No m\u00e9todo de exposi\u00e7\u00e3o das ostras na \u00e1gua doce, hipersalina, e em \u00e1gua quente, a t\u00e9cnica consiste na imers\u00e3o dos animais em tanques durante o per\u00edodo de 6 a 24 horas <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_9\" title=\"Manzoni, 2001 #11\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Manzoni 2001<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_13\" title=\"Pereira, 2006 #16\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Pereira 2006<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_14\" title=\"Petrielli, 2008 #12\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Petrielli 2008<\/span><\/a><span>, <\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_10\" title=\"Miotto, 2012 #14\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Miotto 2012<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>, tempo suficiente para matar os organismos epibiontes. J\u00e1, o castigo das ostras com hipoclorito de s\u00f3dio \u00e9 realizado com a imers\u00e3o desses animais em tanques contendo uma propor\u00e7\u00e3o de 12,5 ml de hipoclorito para 100 L de \u00e1gua doce <\/span><span>(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_4\" title=\"Baltazar, 1999 #17\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Baltazar 1999<\/span><\/a><span>)<\/span><span>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\"><\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\">Alguns cuidados devem ser tomados durante a aplica\u00e7\u00e3o do m\u00e9todo de castigo, necessitando realizar um monitoramento da temperatura do ar ou da \u00e1gua, conforme cada caso. A partir desse monitoramento a qualidade e a sobreviv\u00eancia das ostras n\u00e3o ser\u00e3o prejudicadas. Sendo tamb\u00e9m importante nesse processo assegurar que as ostras ap\u00f3s o castigo voltem para \u00e1gua do cultivo e n\u00e3o diretamente comercializadas <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\">(<\/span><a href=\"file:\/\/\/C:\/Users\/LAPOA.Diego\/Downloads\/texto%20site%2001-05.docx#_ENREF_10\" style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\" title=\"Miotto, 2012 #14\"><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif; color: windowtext; text-decoration: none;\">Miotto 2012<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\">)<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 12px; background-color: transparent;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.4pt; line-height: 150%;\"><span><span>&nbsp;<\/span><\/span>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 150%;\"><strong><span style=\"font-family: 'Gill Sans MT', sans-serif;\">REFER\u00caNCIAS CONSULTADAS<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Alvarenga, L. N., R. C. (2006). &#8220;Preliminary assessment of the potential for mangrove oyster cultivation in Piraqu\u00ea-a\u00e7u river estuary (Aracruz, ES).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Brazilian Archives Biology and Technology<\/span> <strong>49<\/strong>(1): 163-169.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Alves, R. (2010). &#8220;Biologia de Pteria hirundo, ostra perl\u00edfera nativa do Brasil.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de Santa Catarina<\/span>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Arakawa, K. Y. (1990). &#8220;Competitors and fouling organisms in the hanging culture of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Marine Behavior Physiology<\/span> <strong>17<\/strong>: 67-94.<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Baltazar, P. B., P.; Rivera, W. (1999). &#8220;Cultivo de la ostra Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1795) en un vivero artesanal, La Arena, Casma.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Revista Peruana de Biolog\u00eda<\/span> <strong>6<\/strong>(2).&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Cardoso, J. F. M. F. (2007). &#8220;Growth and reproduction in bivalves: an energy budget approach.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">University Library Groningen<\/span>: 207.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Gervis, M. H. S., N. A. (1992). &#8220;The biology and culture of pearl oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">ICLARM Stud<\/span> <strong>21<\/strong>: 49.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Guenther, J. S., P. C.; Nys, R. (2006). &#8220;The effect of age and shell size on accumulation of fouling organisms on the Akoya pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aquaculture<\/span> <strong>252<\/strong>: 366-373.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Henriques, M. B. M., H. L. A.; Pereira, O. M.; Lombardi, J. V. (2006). &#8220;Resist\u00eancia do mexilh\u00e3o Perna perna a baixas salinidades e sua rela\u00e7\u00e3o com a contamina\u00e7\u00e3o bacteriol\u00f3gica.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Boletim do Instituto da Pesca<\/span> <strong>32<\/strong>(2): 107-114.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Manzoni, G. (2001). &#8220;Ostras: aspectos bioecol\u00f3gicos e t\u00e9cnicas de cultivo.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">CGMA, Itaja\u00ed<\/span>: 30.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Miotto, M. (2012). &#8220;Recomenda\u00e7\u00f5es para um programa de boas pr\u00e1ticas aqu\u00edcolas em cultivos de ostras (Crassostrea gigas).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina<\/span>.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Mohammad, M. B. M. (1976). &#8220;Relationship between biofouling and growth of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould) in Kuwait, Arabian Gulf.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Hydrobiologia<\/span> <strong>51<\/strong>(2): 129-138.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Pauley, G. B. V. D. R., B.; Troutt, D. (1988). &#8220;Species profiles: life histories and environmental requirementsof costal fishes and invertebrates (Pacific Northwest) &#8211; Pacific Oyster.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Fish and Wildlife Service Biology<\/span>: 28.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Pereira, M. A. N., M.M.; Nuermberg, L.; Schulz, D.; Batista, C.R.V. (2006). &#8220;Microbiological quality of oysters (Crassostrea gigas) produced and commercialized in the coastal region of Florianopolis-Brazil.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Brazilian Journal of Microbiology<\/span> <strong>37<\/strong>(2): 159-163.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Petrielli, F. A. S. (2008). &#8220;Viabilidade t\u00e9cnica e econ\u00f4mica da utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o comercial das conchas de ostras descartadas na localidade do Ribeir\u00e3o da Ilha, Florian\u00f3polis, Santa Catarina.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina<\/span>. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Pinto, F. M. V. S. (2007). &#8220;Efeito de organismos incrustantes sobre o crescimento e a sobreviv\u00eancia de ostras nativas do g\u00eanero Crassostrea em um cultivo suspenso na ba\u00eda de Guaratuba (Paran\u00e1 \u2013 Brasil).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Monografia. Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1<\/span>.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Rocha, R. M. M., T. R.; Metri, R. (2005). &#8220;Asc\u00eddias (Tunicata, Ascideacea) da Reserva Biol\u00f3gica Marinha do Arvoredo, Santa Catarina, Brasil.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Revista Brasileira de Zoologia<\/span> <strong>22(2)<\/strong>: 461-476.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Royer, J. R., M.; Mathieu, M.; Costil, K. (2006). &#8220;Presence of spionid worms and other epibionts in Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) cultured in Normandy, France.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aquaculture<\/span> <strong>253<\/strong>: 461-474.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Sabry, R. C. M., A. R. M. (2005). &#8220;Parasitas em ostras de cultivo (Crassostrea rhizophorae e Crassostrea gigas) da Ponta do Sambaqui, Florian\u00f3polis, SC.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterin\u00e1ria e Zootecnia<\/span> <strong>5<\/strong>(2): 194-203.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Santana, F. E. (2005). &#8220;Desenvolvimento do prot\u00f3tipo de uma m\u00e1quina para lava\u00e7\u00e3o de lanternas no cultivo de ostras.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Disserta\u00e7\u00e3o de Mestrado. Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina<\/span>.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Southgate, P. C. B., A. C. (1997). &#8220;Hatchery and early nursery culture of black lip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.).&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Journal of Shellfish Research<\/span> <strong>16<\/strong>(2): 561-567.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"EndNoteBibliography\">Taylor, J. J. S., P. C.; Rose, R. A. (1997). &#8220;Fouling animals and their effect on the growth of silver-lip pearl oysters, Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in suspended culture.&#8221; <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Aquaculture<\/span> <strong>153<\/strong>: 31-40.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Por: Aline Horodesk 08 de agosto de 2016 &nbsp; O termo fouling \u00e9 utilizado para caracterizar incrusta\u00e7\u00f5es de origem biol\u00f3gica em uma superf\u00edcie. Para a ostreicultura, entende-se por fouling toda forma de vida que vive associada \u00e0s estruturas de cultivo (redes, cordas e flutuadores) (Fig 1 e 2) e tamb\u00e9m junto aos animais cultivados (Rocha [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1545,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":[],"jnews_primary_category":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[258,1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-divulgacao-cientifica","category-noticias"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1554"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1554\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1545"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gia.org.br\/portal\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}